高一Unit 18 New Zealand 单词积累及句子分析[英语园(EnglishGarden)]

New Zealand

【常用单词积累】

describe, surround, beach, settle, sign, refer to, compare, stand for, habit, manners, make up, majority, take place, share, turn to, attract, prepare

句子分析

1．The East China sea lies to the east of Zhejiang Province．

2．New Zealand is an island that lies off the eastern coast of Australia．

3．It is about the same size as Japan．

4．New Zealand has a mild sea climate, while the north is subtropical．

5．The North Island is famous for an area of hot springs, some of which throw hot water high into the air．

6．More than 125 years later, Captain James Cook took possession of the islands in 1769 and from that time British people started to settle in New Zealand．

7．New Zealand has a population of about 3．8 million people, of which about 14 percent are Maori．

8．New Zealand is an important agricultural country, with cattle farming on the North Island, while the more hilly South Island has more sheep farms．

9．New Zealand wine is of high quality and is sold all over the world．

10．Living in a country with plenty of space and a good climate, New Zealanders love all kinds of sport and outdoor activities．

11．Read as much as you can about the country and New Zealand universities．

【单元口语交际】

1．Can you explain where that is?

2．And what about your great - grandmother on your father’s side?

【重点难点解析】

it 的用法

【阅读分析解拨】

课文理解

【常用单词积累】

1．describe

(1)describe 是动词, 意思是“描述,将．．．．．．形容成．．．．．．”．

e．g．Words cannot describe my joy．

我的快乐无法用语言描述．

Can you describe it for / to me?

你能为我描述一下吗？

He described himself as a doctor．

你自称为医生．

派生词describable 为形容词“可以描述的”,describer 为名词“叙述者”,description 为名词“描述,描写,说明书”．

(2) 可译为“描述”的动词有 describe, state, relate 等．

describe 侧重形象而详细地描述，事物皆可．

state 主要指公开表明一件事或说法, 带有个人观点．

e．g．This book states the case for women’s rights very clearly．

relate 为比较正式的用语，进述的往往只能中一个故事．还有一种意思

为“将．．．．．．与．．．．．．联系起来”．

e．g．She related it to them how it happened．

她向他们讲述了一下事情经过．

The report related high wages to / with labour shortage．

这份报道将高工资同劳动力和短缺联系起来．

2．surround

动词“环绕,围绕”．

e．g．The soldiers surrounded the enemy．

士兵们将敌人包围了．

We are surrounded by／with dangers．

我们周围危机四伏．

派生词：surrounding 为形容词“周围的”，the surrounding area“周边地区”作名词(总以复数形式出现) surroundings=envtroment．

e．g．The house is in beautiful surroundings．这所房屋环境优美．

3．beach

表示“海滨，河岸”的词除了 beach，还有 shore，bank，coast．

beach 指海滨，海滩，往往能够供人游览，玩耍．

e．g．take a walk on the beach 在海滩散步

shore 海岸，湖滨

e．g．on the shore(s) of the West Lake 在西湖之滨

bank 河岸

e．g．A river has two banks．河有两岸．

coast 海岸，海岸线，一般是一个地理概念．

Her parents live on the south coast．他的父母住在南方沿海地区附近．

4．settle

(1)文中“settle”意为“定居，安顿，停留”，既可以用作不及物动词，也可以用作及物动词意为“(使)安顿……”．

e．g．They settled down in this country．

他们在这个国家定居下来．

After years of travel，we decided to settle in London．

多年漂泊之后，我们决定在伦敦住下来．

The conquerors settled their own people in the land．

征服者们将自己的人民迁来此地定居．

A bird settled on the branch．

一只鸟停息在树枝上．

(2)settle 还有“解决，安排，决定”的意思，表示这种意思时，settle 后可以加从句．

e．g．The two boys settled their quarrel in a friendly way．

两个小男孩以一种友好的方式解决了争吵．

The medicine should settle your nervous．

这种药可以解决你的焦虑(使你的神经平静下来)．

Have they settled where they will spend their holiday?

他们已经决定了去什么地方度假吗?

5．sign

(1)文中用作动词“签名，签署”．

e．g．He signed his name on the cheque．

他在支票上签了字．

Sign here，please．请在此签名．

名词形式为 signature．

e．g．Please send the letters in to manager for signature．

请将这些信件送进去给经理签个名．

(2)sign 也用作名词，“符号，招牌，标志，迹象，征兆”．

e．g．=，-，×，÷ are mathematical signs．

+、-、×、÷是数学符号．

Dark clouds are a sign of rain．

乌云是下雨的征兆．

The sign reads“NO Smoking”．

那牌子上写着“禁止吸烟”．

6．refer to

(1)refer 词义灵活，但总是与介词to搭配，可以是refer to．．．，也可以是refer．．．to．．．，但词义不一样．

(2)refer to．．．“谈及，提及，参考，咨询”

e．g．When I said that some people are stupid I wasn’t referring to you．

当我说某些人很蠢的时候，我指的可不是你．

He often refers to his past．他经常谈及过去．

When she was reading，she referred to the dictionary from time to time．

她看书时总是不时地查字典．

辨析：“查字典”可以说refer to the dictionary，还可以说，look up a word in the dictionary．二者用法不可混淆．

(3)refer．．．to．．．“送呈，呈交，将……归功于……”

e．g．The dispute was referred to the United Nations．

这场争执被提交给联合国解决．

The teacher referred him to ChapterⅡ．

老师让他去查第二章．

The invention of compass is referred to China．

指南针是中国人发明的．

I referred my success to the correct leadership of the Party．

我将自己的成功归功于党的正确领导．

派生词：reference n．“参考，附注，证明的材料” referee n．“(被送之于材料的)仲裁者，(球赛中的)裁判”

7．compare

(1)

e．g．Let’s compare your handwriting with the model handwriting on the blackboard．

让我们将你的笔迹同黑板上的范例比一下．

If you compare British football with American football，you’ll find many differences．

比较英式足球和美式足球，你会发现许多不同点．

The people around all compared him to Lei Feng．

周围的人都将他比做雷锋．

The young people ale compared to the sun at 8 or 9 in the morning．

年轻人被比喻成早上八九点钟的太阳．

(2)compared to／with 在句子中不作谓语，而是作状语时，意思没有区别，

译为“同……相比”．

e．g．Compared to／with others，she is really very lucky．同别人相比，她真是非常的幸运．

8．stand for

stand for“代表，代替，赞同，支持”．

e．g．WTO stands for World Trade organization．

WTO 代表世界贸易组织．

Our flag stands for our country．

我们的旗帜代表着我们的祖国．

Before we elect him to president，we want to know what he stands for．

在选举他当总统之前，我们要知道他的主张是什么．

9．habit

容易同 habit 混淆的词有 custom，hobby 等．

(1)habit“(个人的)行为习惯，习性”

e．g．He has taught himself the habit of self—control．

他已经养成了自控的好习惯．

He has got into the habit of smoking．

他养成了抽烟的恶习．

(2)custom“(社会、团体的)习惯，风俗”

e．g．It is the custom with the Japanese to bow when they meet old friends．

见到老朋友鞠躬是日本人的习俗．

(3)hobby“嗜好，业余爱好”

e．g．Collecting stamps is her hobby．她的嗜好是集邮．

10．manners

(1)manner n．译为“方式，方法，举止，态度”时一般用单数．

复数形式 manners 意思是“礼貌，(社交中的)风俗”．

e．g．Do it in this manner．

按这种方法去做．

I don’t like his manner．

我不喜欢他的态度．

I love fish cooked in Japanese manner．

我喜欢日本鱼的吃法．

He has good manners／has no manners at all．

他很有礼貌／他一点礼貌也没有．

It’s bad manners to speak with full mouth．

口中有食物时讲话是一种不礼貌的行为．

(2)英语中名词+s是单数变成复数，词义本身不变化．但有一些词例外．

11．make up

(1)文中意为“组成，构成”．

e．g．What are the qualities that make up his quality?

他的性格是由哪些特质构成的?

A Car is made up of many different parts．

汽车是由许多不同的部件组成的．

Are all animal bodies made up of cells?

所有动物的身体都是由细胞组成吗?

(2)make up 还有“补充，补足，捏造”的意义．

e．g．We still need ￡50 to make up the sum we asked for．

我们仍需要50镑来补足我们要的数目．

Our losses have to be made up with more loans．

我们的损失必须*更多的贷款来补充．

The whole story is made up．

这个故事完全是捏造的．

12．majoriry

(1)名词是“多数，大半”的意思．

e．g．The majority is／are in favour of the proposal．

大多数人赞成这项决议．

majority 作主语时，谓语采用单复数皆可．

(2)词根 major，形容词“主要的”，名词“专业”，动词“专修”……

major roads／industries“要道，主要工业”

e．g．He majored in two subjects in Untversity．

他在大学时专修两门科目．

(3)反义词 minor 为形容词“较小的，较少的”，minority 名词“少数(派)，少数民族”．

13．take place

(1)表示“发生”，一般有 take place 与 happen．

take place 指有计划，安排地发生．

happen 指偶发，计划之外的事件．

两者皆是不及物，主语为 sth．；在 happen to do 搭配中，主语是人．

e．g．When is the boat race to take place?

划船比赛何时举行?

Great changes have taken place in my home town．

我的家乡已发生了巨大的变化．

Do you know what happened to him last week?

你知道他上星期出了什么事吗?

I happened to meet him in the street yesterday．

昨天我碰巧在街上碰到了他．

(2)

e．g．Nothing can take the place of the importance of the family in his life．

没有什么能取代家庭在他生活中的重要地位．

14．share

(1)用作动词，意思是“分享，分担”．

e．g．There are not enough books．You must learn to share．

书不够多，你们必须学会分享．

Mother is sharing the cakes among the boys．

妈妈正在为这些孩子分蛋糕．

(2)用作名词意思是“份额”，“一份责任(或功劳)”，“股票”(=stock)．

e．g．When she returned for her share，she found none left．

当她回来拿自己的一份时，发现已经没有了．

I had no share in the decision．

这个决定我没有参与．

15．turn to

(1)本意为“转向……”．

e．g．He turned to me and asked，“What’s the matter?”

他把脸转过来对我说：“出了什么事?”

(2)引申义为“将注意力转到另一件事上，致力于，求助，求教于……”．

e．g．She has turned to music．她在搞音乐．

We turned to and got the house cleaned in a short while．

我们起劲地干了起来，一会儿就将房子打扫干净了．

The child turned to his mother for comfort．

孩子向母亲寻求安慰．

We often turn to this book for information．

我们经常查这本书，寻找信息资料．

When he’s in trouble，he always turns to his sister．

他遇到困难时，总是求姐姐帮忙．

16．attract

(1)用作动词，意思是“吸引，引起……的兴趣，注意力”等．

e．g．The light attracted a lot of insects．

亮光招引了很多昆虫．

He shouted to attract attention．

他高声喊叫以引起他人注意．

The new play has attracted a great deal of criticism．

这出新剧招致了很多批评．

(2)派生词：attractive 为形容词“使人感兴趣的”，attraction 为名词“吸引力，有吸引力的事物”．

e．g．Your proposal sounds very attractive．

你的建议听起来很有吸引力．

The television has little attraction for me．

电视机对我没有什么吸引力．

17．prepare

用作动词，意思是“准备，为……而准备”．

e．g．The students are busy preparing for their college Entrance Examination．

学生正紧张地为高考做准备．

Mother is preparing meal in the kitchen．

妈妈正在厨房做饭．

[注意] 为准备某事而忙于做事，用 prepare sth．．为某事而做准备，主要是消极等待，用 prepare for．

“为……准备好了，作好思想准备”，一般不用 have prepared for，

而是用 be prepared for．

e．g．We must be well prepared for each battle．

每次战斗前我们都要做好准备．

【常用句子分析】

1． The East China Sea lies to the east of Zhejiang Province．

东海在中国浙江省的东面．

方向词 east，west，south，north 等，表示两个地点之间的方向关系，往往用介词 to／in／on，但意义不同(以east为例)．

A lies to the east of B A 同 B 或接壤，或不接壤

A lies on the east of B A 同 B 接壤

A lies in the east of B A 是 B 中的一部分

e．g．Japan is to the east of China．

日本在中国东面．

Wales is to the west of England．

威尔土在英格兰西面．

Shanghai lies in the east of China．

上海在中国东部．

Hubei is on the north of Hunan．

湖北在湖南之北．

2．New Zealand is an island that lies off the eastern coast of Australia．

新西兰是一个离澳大利亚东海岸有一段距离的海岛．

(1)lie／be off…

介词 off 表示位置关系，指某物到某处有一定距离．

e．g．He lives in a big house off the main road．

他住在一所离大路有一段距离的大房子里．

The ship sank off Cape Horn．

轮船沉没在好望角外．

Taiwan is an island off the east coast of China．

台湾是离中国东海岸不远的一个岛屿．

(2)be on the coast“在海岸线上”

介词用 on，表明“在附近”．

e．g．a house on the main road

大路边的一幢房子

Shanghai is on the east coast of China．

上海在中国东海岸线上．

3．It is about the same size as Japan．

它(新西兰)同日本差不多大小．

(1)the same．．．as 意思是“同……一样”，as 用作连词，后面既可以加名词，也可以加从句．

e．g．He is in the same class as I (am)．

他与我在同一个班．

I’d like to buy the same suit as you are wearing．

我想买一套同你身上一样的衣服．

[注意] the same to sb．

用来回答祝愿语等，译成“对……也一样，同样如此”．

——Happy new year!

一新年快乐!

——The same to you．

一你也一样!

Do what you want．It’s It’s the same to me．

想干什么你就干吧，对我无所谓．

(2)size 为名词，意思是“尺寸，大小”．

表示两者之间在尺寸、大小方面的关系，可以用名词 size 或形容词 big．

但习惯表达法不一样，如“这个工厂有那个两倍大”．

This factory is twice as big as that one．

This factory is twice bigger than that one．

This factory is twice the size of that one．

同样的，表示高度的关系可以用high／height，宽度用 wide／width，深度用deep／depth等．

e．g．新楼房是旧楼房高度的3倍．

4．New Zealand has a mild sea climate，while the north is subtropical．

新西兰是温和的海洋性气候，然而(它的)北部是亚热带气候．

(1)climate与weather．

climate 名词“气候”，地理学上划分为热带(tropical climate)，温带(mild

climate)等．

weather 名词“天气”，指每日的天气状况．

e．g．A drier climate would be good for your health．

干燥点的气候会对你的健康有益处．

The district has a mild climate．

这个地区气候温暖．

We had fine weather that day．

那天天气很好．

(2)while 连词，“但是，然而”．

[辨析] but 也可以用作连词“然而”，but 是为了转折，while 是强调对比．

e．g．I’d love to go to the theatre tonight，but I’m too busy．

我很想看今晚的电影，但是我太忙了．

Jane was dressed in brown while Marry was dressed in blue．

简穿着褐色的衣服然而玛丽穿着蓝色的衣服．

While some people respect him，others despise him．

虽然有人尊敬他，但也有人轻视他．

5．The North Island is famous for an area of hot springs，some of which throw hot water high into the air．

(新西兰的)北岛是著名的温泉胜地，一些温泉能将热水喷人高空当中．

该句中有一个非限定性定语从句，由 which 引导，先行词是上文中的 hot springs．

(1)定语从句就先行词同从句的关系可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句；简单地区分是，非限定性定语从句是用逗号同主句隔开的定语从句．限定性定语从句同先行词所指意义有不可分割的意义，缺少了它，先行词便不能明确表示其所指的意义．

This is the car I bought yesterday．

Here is the boy who damaged the desk．

非限定性从句同先行词之间关系比较松散，是对先行词提供一些补充：

说明．去掉这个从句，并不影响先行词所指意义．

My cousin，who is an engineer，went to Europe last week．

(2)名词(代词，数词等)+ of + which／whom 的结构所引导的非限定性定语从句中，of which／whom + 名词这样的顺序也可以．

e．g．I have many friends，some of whom are painters．

我有许多朋友，其中一些是画家．

HongKong has a population of about 6 million，of whom 95％ are Chinese．

香港有600万人口，共中95％是中国人．

6．More than 125 years later，Captain James Cook took possession of the islands in 1769 and from that time British people started to settle in New Zealand．

125年之后，詹姆斯·库克船长于1769年占领了这个岛．于是从那时开始，英国人开始陆续在新西兰定居下来．

(1)Captain James Cook (1728-1779) 英国海军上校和航海家，太平洋和南极海洋的探险家．他在探索新地、航海、测绘地图和航海卫生各方面都卓有成就，经他测绘而制作的世界地图较历史上任何人都多．库克在1779年2月的一次与夏威夷人的冲突中丧生．

(2)possession n．“占领，所有，所有物(复数)”

e．g．The players were fighting for possession of the ball．

运动员们在抢球．

You can’t take possession of the house until all the papers have been signed．

在各项文件签字以前，你不能拥有那座房子．

Most of Britain’s possessions oversea are now independent countries．

英国大部分的海外属地如今都成了独立的国家．

[注意] possession 为抽象名词指“所有权，占有权”，不可数；具体指所有物时，可数，而且总是以复数形式出现．

take possession of=possess“拥有，占有”

7．New Zealand has a population of about 3.8 million people，of which about 14 percent are Maori．

新西兰约有380万人口，其中14％的是毛利人．

(1)population 集体名词，指集体“人口数”时是单数，指个体“人口”时是复数．

e．g．What is the population of Europe?

欧洲人口是多少?

Two—thirds of the population of the village live on fishing．

该村子三分之二的人*打鱼为生．

(2) which 作关系代词时，主谓一致遵循意义一致的原则．关系代词替代的“about 3．8 million people”，是复数，所以谓语动词用复数形式．

e．g．Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard．

想去的人请将名字写在黑板上．

He who laughs last laughs best．

笑到最后的人才是笑得最好的人．

8．New Zealand is an important agricultural country，with cattle farming on the North Island，while the more hilly South Island has more sheep farms．

新西兰是一个重要的农业国家，北岛上以养牛为主，然而多山的南岛有更多养羊的牧场．

(1)farming=agriculture 名词，“农业，耕作”

fruit farming 果树种植(业)，spring farming 春耕

(2)with 介词，后面加一个名词或名词词组，表示被修饰词“具有，带有……”的特征．

e．g，China is a large country with a long history．

中国是一个历史悠久的大国．

a lady with blue eyes 碧眼女郎

a coat with 2 pockets 有两个口袋的外衣

a cup with a broken handle 把手破损的杯子

[注意] with 之后的名词词组如果有分词、介词、形容词接在名词之后，称之为“独立结构”．独立结构中的 with 可以省掉．

e．g．She could not move with her shirt caught on a nail．

她的衬衫被挂在钉子上，所以她不能动．

With the floor wet and slippery，we stayed outside．

地板又湿又滑，所以我们呆在外面．

With the boy leading the way，we had no difficulty in finding his house．

(由于)孩子带路，我们毫无困难地找到了他的家．

9．New Zealand wine is of high quality and is sold all over the world．

新西兰酒的质量很高而且远销全世界．

(1)be of high quality“高质量的”

介词 of 加上具体意义的名词表示“所属，拥有”，如：a book of mine，the works of Luxun，或是同位语关系，如：the city of Shanghai，介词 of 加上抽象意义的名词表示“属性”，整个结构相当于一个形容词．

e．g．a kid of genius 天才儿童

a book of no use 无用的书

We don’t think there is anything of interest in your pictures．

我们认为你的画一点也不有趣．

(2)all over“遍及，到处”既可以作介词，也可以作副词．

e．g．He has travelled all over the country．

他周游过全世界．

I’m aching all over after the match．

比赛之后我浑身疼痛．

10．Living in a country with plenty of space and a good climate，New Zealanders love all kinds of sports and outdoor activities．

由于住在一个气候好且有足够空间的国家，新西兰人喜欢各种体育项目和户外活动．

Living in a country… 该结构是—ing分词作原因状语．分词在句子中可以作各种各样的状语，只要形式正确，语法上都可以接受．

e．g．We eat using the right hand．

我们用右手吃饭．(—ing分词作方式状语)

It rained heavily，causing a serious damage．

雨下得很大，造成了严重的危害．(—ing 分词作结果状语)

Knowing all this，they still insisted on my paying for the damage．

虽然知道了这些，他们还是坚持让我赔偿损失．(—ing分词作让步状语)

11． Read as much as you can about the country and New Zealand universities．

尽量多读一些关于这个国家和它的大学的(一些书籍)．

as much as you can“尽可能多的”，can 后面省略掉了 do，替代的是 read，也可以写成 as much as possible．

该结构中 as…as 中的副词或形容词必须是原形，如：

as soon as possible“尽可能地快”

as far as possible“尽可能地远”

e．g．He ran as fast as he could (do)．

他尽量跑得快一些．

Read the words as loud as possible．

尽力大声地把这些单词念一下．

【单元口语交际】

1．Can you explain where that is?

你能解释一下那在哪里吗?

该句型由一个一般疑问句和一个特殊疑问句构成．一般疑问句在前，特殊疑问句在后，表示客气、委婉、礼貌．特殊疑问句要用陈述语序．回答时先给予肯定或否定回答，再给出具体答案．

e．g．——Can you tell me what his name is?

——你可以告诉我他的名字叫什么吗?

——Yes．His name is Zhou Ming．

—好的，他叫周明．

——Can you show me how to do it?

——你可以告诉我怎么做吗?

——I’m sorry，but I’m not free．

—对不起，我没空．

2．And what about your great—grandmother on your father’s side?

那么你的曾祖母呢?(她是什么情况?)

What about．．．句型，询问对方的看法、观点，一般是根据上文的内容接下

来．

e．g．一I don’t like this kind of clothes．

一我不喜欢这种类型的衣服．

——What about that one?

一那件怎么样?

What about 也可写成 how about，后面可以接名词，doing，从句等，但不能是to do 和主句．

e．g．What about when we leave?

我们离开时呢?(该怎么办?)

What about having a picnic this Sunday?

这个星期天搞个野炊怎么样?

【重点难点解析】

it 的用法

it 除了用作代词，译成“它”(指代无生命的东西，动物或性别不明的婴孩)，还有两种在语法上的特殊用法．一种叫“虚义it”，另一种叫“形式it”．

1．虚义it

虚义it是一种非指代性it，以示区别于人称代词it，常用作没有具体意义的主语．一般出现于表现气候、天气、温度、时间、地点、距离等意义的句子中．

It is early spring．这是早春季节．

It is very quiet in the classroom．教室很安静．

It is raining hard．雨下得大．

It’s awful when the boys were fighting．这两个小孩打架时情形真是可怕．

2．形式it

形式it，起到替代to do，doing 或名词性分词的作用，在句子中充当形式主语或形式宾语．

It was pleasant to meet you in London that day．

=To meet you in London that day was pleasant．

那天在伦敦遇到你真是令人高兴．

It will be useless leaving a theory without practice．

理论脱离实践是没有用的．

We consider it necessary to master two foreign languages．

我们认为掌握两门外语是有必要的．

It’s not decided whether we’ll have a holiday．

我们是否会休假(这事儿)还没决定．

[辨析] 在英语中能替代从句 to do，doing 的只能是it，不要受到汉语翻译的影响而用 this，that 等(因为形式 it 往往可译成“这个，那个”)．

e．g．We found it dangerous to swim in the river．

我们发现在河里游泳(这件事)是很危险的．

We think it important that we (should) keep the balance of nature．

我们认为保持生态平衡(这个)是很重要的．

Part Five 研究性学习

英语中的虚义主语

英语同汉语一样，可以将句子成分划分为主、谓、宾、定、状、补等．但英语对句子结构的要求比汉语要严格．除了都可以接受的省略形式(一个句子只有一个成分，但可以表达意思．如—What’that?—A cup．)，英语一般要求一个句子的主谓结构都是完整的，现在讨论一些句子的主语．

1．祈使句的主语．

祈使句全部都可以改成 you should．．．的结构．如：

Get up now!=You should get up now．

Don’t smoke． =You shouldn’t smoke．

所以，祈使句在反意疑问句中的反问部分总是 Will you? 我们不认为祈使句没有主语．

2．当主语不清楚，或是气候、天气、温度、时间等没有必要用对应的名词时(如汉语中就直接说“好热”，“在下雨”，“三点了”，不把主语说出来)，我们用it 作主语．这个主语我们理解为虚义it，只作主语，但没有意思．

如：—What’s this?一It’s a book．(主语不清楚)

It seemed a long time before my turn came．(主语不清楚)

It’s raining outside．(指天气，一般不说The weather is raining．)

3．存现句表示“存在”，往往要把被强调的主语名词放在动词之后，可以借助There be 实现．

There 在 there be 中也是一个虚义的主语，没有意思．甚至于主谓一致也同there 没关系，要根据其后的名词来确定．

There are too many people here．

There is nothing to do．

There is something you don’t know．

英语中虚义的主语有it和there两个，它们的共同点是只作语法上的成分，翻译的时候可以不译出来．不同点如下：

(1)there be 是存现句，译成“有……，存在……”，it be 是陈述句，翻译成“是”．

(2)there be 中 be 动词可以由 lie/stand 等表示方位的动词替代．

(3)there be 的 be 可以有复数形式，“it be” 的 be 只有单数．它们都有时态变化．