【基础知识精讲】

Ⅰ. 单词及短语精讲

1. experiment

(1) n. 实验; 试验

“做实验”为：make/ do/ perform/ carry out an experiment

某方面的实验: an experiment in chemistry/physics…

(2) v. 进行实验，实验，接宾语时用 with/on

experiment with new methods/ materials试验新方法/新材料

experiment on animals = make experiments on animals用动物做实验。

2. conduct v. 引导，领导，管理，指挥，行为, 传导

e. g. A girl conducted the visitors around the museum.

一位姑娘领着游客在博物馆中参观。

If he conducts his business affairs in the careless way, he will never succeed.

如果他马马虎虎地处理公事，他永远也不会成功的。

Who is conducting the band this evening? 今晚谁指挥乐队？

He conducts himself well. 他行为端正。

Copper conducts electricity better than other materials.

铜的导电性能比别的材料好。

3. deal

(1) n. 分量(表示数量)

e. g. He has given me a great deal of help. 他给我大量的帮助。

I have heard a great deal about you. 我听了很多关于你的事。

(2) v. deal with

a. 处理

e. g. I have a lot of letters to deal with today. 今天我有很多信件要处理。

The boy dealt with the maths problem in a different way.

孩子以不同的方法处理这个数学难题。

How did you deal with matters of this sort?

你是怎么处理这类事情的？

b. 对付，和……打交道

e. g. That man is impossible to deal with. 那人是无法相处的。

A teacher should deal fairly with his students.

老师应公正地对待学生。

c. 论述，涉及

e. g. The subject isn’t very well dealt with in his book.

这个问题在他的书里没有得到很好的论述。

4. prove

(1) vt. 证明，证实，后接名词、代词、从句和复合结构

e. g. We have proved our courage in battle.

我们在战斗中证实了自己的勇气。

Who can prove it? 谁能证实这一点呢？

They will prove that we are telling the truth.

他们可以证明我们讲的是事实。

Can you prove what you were doing at 10 o’clock last night?

你能证明昨天晚上十点钟你在干什么？

Time will prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。

(2)link v. 证明，结果是，后接形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式to be

e. g. The instrument has proved useful. 这种仪器证明是有用的。

He proved an honest friend. 事实证明他是个诚实的朋友。

It will prove of little use. 结果会证明它没有什么用。

He may prove to be the most suitable person for the job.

他结果可能是最适合这项工作的人。

5. tear v. 撕(破)，扯，被撕(挂)破

e. g. He tore the photograph into pieces. 他把照片撕碎了。

Mary fell down in the street and tore her dress.

玛丽在街上摔倒了，裙子挂破了。

This material tears easily. 这种料很容易破。

The clothes were torn. 衣服破了。

6. test vt.

(1)测验，考

e. g. The teacher tested the students’ knowledge of grammar.

老师测验学生的语法知识。

The students were tested on their English. 学生在考英语。

(2)检验，试用，检查

e. g. They tested the new plane. 他们在检验新飞机。

Perhaps I need glasses— I’d better have my eyes tested.

也许我得戴眼镜了，我得去检查一下我的眼睛。

(3)考查，考验

e. g. Now I had the opportunity to test myself.

现在我有机会来考验我自己了。

The long journey tested their patience.

长途旅行考验了他们的耐性。

(4) test on 在……(身上)做试验

e. g. Scientists decided to test the drug on animals.

科学家决定用动物做实验来检验药品。

(5) test out考验出，检验完

e. g. He would not be able to test out his theories. 他将无法检验他的理论。

7. doubt

(1) vt. 怀疑，不相信，后接名词、代词、从句

e. g. I doubt his honesty. 我怀疑他的诚实。

I’m sorry that I doubted you before. 对不起我曾经怀疑过你。

I don’t doubt that you are honest. 我相信你是诚实的。

I doubt whether he will come. 我怀疑他是否会来。

(2) n. 怀疑

e. g. He had no doubt on that point. 在那一点上他毫不怀疑。

I have not doubt that we shall be able to do something for you.

我决不怀疑我们能为你做点什么。

There was no doubt that he was a fine doctor.

毫无疑问他是个好医生。

There is some doubt whether John will come on time.

不知道约翰能否按时到。

注意：在否定句和疑问句中，doubt后的从句用that引导，在肯定句中 doubt后的从句用whether / if引导(doubt是名词时，只能用whether)。

(3) beyond doubt毫无疑问

without (a) doubt毫无疑问，一定地

in doubt怀疑，犹疑，不肯定

Ⅱ. 句子精讲

1. In my opinion, it is a waste of money. 在我看来，这是浪费金钱。

(1) in one’s opinion = in the opinion of sb. 在某人看来

e. g. in my opinion, 在我看来

in their opinion在他们看来

in everyone’s opinion在每个人看来

in the opinion of most people在大多数人看来

(2) a waste of …浪费

waste在这里是不可数名词，但可以和a连用

e. g. It’s a waste of time to wait any longer. 再等下去是浪费时间。

It’s a waste of breath to talk to him. 和他交谈是白费口舌。

It’s a waste of time arguing with him. 你和他争辩是浪费时间。

What a waste of energy! 这多么浪费精力！

2. We should make more use of this new technology.

我们应该更多地利用新技术。

make use of利用，在名词use前面可以加上不同的形容词来表示不同程度的利用。

e. g. make good use of合理利用，

make the best use of尽量利用，

make full use of充分利用

名词use还可组成其他词组：

e. g. be in use在使用中  be of great use很有用处

go out of use不被使用，废弃come into use开始被使用

bring / put …to use加以利用for the use of供……使用

3. What are they famous for ? 他们*什么出名？

be famous/known著名，为众人所知

(1)be famous / known for因为……成名, 表示成名的原因

e. g. Switzerland is famous / known for its mountains. 瑞士以它的山而闻名。

He is famous for his history story. 他因为他写的历史小说而出名。

He is known for his readiness to help others.

大家都知道他总是乐于帮助别人。

(2)be famous / known as以什么身份而成名

e. g. He is famous as a writer rather than a poet.

他是作为一名作家，而不是作为一名诗人而闻名。

She is known as a great singer. 大家都知道她是个大歌星。

(3) be famous / known to为人所知

e. g. He is known to every one of us. 我们每人都知道他。

It’s known to all that they do an important and necessary job.

大家都知道他们干的是重要的并且是必要的工作。

4. The string was getting charged! 细线正在导电。

get在这里是代替助动词be, 与过去分词连用，以强调主语的被动行为。

e. g. They got caught in the big rain on their way here.

他们来这儿的路上遇到了这场大雨。

He got burnt while putting out the fire. 在灭火时他被烧伤了。

Did he get burnt in that accident? 他在那次事故中受伤了吗？

The car got stuck in the snow. 汽车陷在了雪中。

注意: get done有时不表示被动意思

e. g. Do you know she’s got married? 你知道她已经结婚了吗？

I’ve got used to such a way of life. 我已习惯了这样的生活方式。

Don’t get excited about it. 别为这激动。

get还有其他用法

(1)get用作使役动词时，其宾语补足语可用多种形式，用动词的什么形式取决于该动词与宾语之间的关系。get sth. / sb. to do/ doing/ done/ adj.

e. g. You must get them to come over here at once. ( = have them come)

你得想法让他们马上到这儿来。

I’ll get Mary to do the washing for you. (= have Mary do)

我来让玛丽替你洗这些衣服。

Why don’t you get your shoes mended. (= have your shoes mended)

你怎么不请人把鞋补一补。

I’ll go and get my hair cut. (= have my hair cut)我要去理发。

The next thing is to get the problem settled as soon as possible.

接下来就是尽快使问题得到解决。

He got his leg broken while playing football. 踢足球时他的腿骨折了。

Can you get the car going again? 你能使汽车再次开动起来吗？

Have you got supper ready? 你把晚饭做好了吗？

I can’t get the window open. 这窗户我打不开。

(2) get to do表示从没有到有的变化，指不定式动词的动作或状态的开始，这时不定式动词大多为意识性或情感性的动词，动词come可代替get, 不改变这一作用。

e. g. I got to know him in 1998. 我是1998年认识他的。

You’ll soon get to like the work. 你不久就会喜欢这份工作的。

We have got to see the importance of studying English.

我们开始认识到学英语的重要性。

5. Fly the kite when a thunderstorm appears to be coming on.

当雷雨好像就要来的时候放飞风筝。

come on在这里表示“开始(……起来)，袭来……”。

e. g. It came on dark. 天黑了。

Rain came on/ it came on to rain just before daybreak. 天快亮时开始下起雨来。

He felt a cold coming on. 他觉得有点感冒了。

come on有其他含义:

(1)跟着来

e. g. You go first. I’ll come on immediately. 你先走，我马上跟来。

(2)进步，进展，成长

e. g. The corn is coming on splendidly. 玉米长势好极了。

How is your work coming on? 你的工作情况如何？

(3)(问题、案件等)被提出来

e. g. The case will soon come on for trial. 这案件很快就要开审。

come的其他短语

(1) come out出现，被获知，出版，结局

e. g. The stars come out (= appeares) as soon as it is dark.

天一黑星星就出来了。

How did the printing come out ( = appear)?

这种印刷是如何出现的？

The news came out (= became known) yesterday.

这个消息是昨天传出来的。

The truth finally came out (= became known). 终于真相大白。

When will your book come out (= be published)? 你的书何时出版？

How did the ball game come out (= end)? 这场球赛的结局如何？

(2) come about发生

e. g. How did all this come about (= happen/ take place)?

所有的这一切是怎样发生的？

It came out (= happened) in this way. 这事就是这样发生的。

(3)come back恢复，重现于记忆中。

e. g. They asked me to rest till my health came back.

他们要我一直休息到恢复健康为止。

Their names are all coming back to me now.

他们的名字，我现在渐渐地都想起来了。

(4)come up走近，发芽，被提出

e. g. Christmas is coming up soon. 圣诞节快到了。

The seeds haven’t come up yet. 种子还没有发芽。

The question will come up tomorrow. 这个问题将于明天被提出来讨论。<, /o:p>

6. …but animal rights activists say that it does not work.

但是动物权力活动家们说这不起作用。

work v. 有效、灵验、行得通、运转、开动，这时主语是非生物类名词。

e. g. It’s a good idea, but it won’t work. 这是个好主意，但就是行不通。

The plan worked smoothly. 这个办法很能解决问题。

The medicine will not work. 这药不灵。

The clock hasn’t been working since this morning.

这只钟从今天早上起就不转了。

Yes, the method might work. 是的，此法可能行得通。

Ⅲ. 语法精讲

1. 单词构词法——复合词( Compounds)

(1)复合词分为

名词复合词

e. g. day + break— daybreak (n. + n. )拂晓，破晓，黎明

play + house— playhouse ( v. + n. )戏院

hair + cut— haircut (n. + v. )理发，做头发，发型，发式

wind + mill— windmill ( n. + n. )风车

动词复合词

e. g. brain + wash— brainwash ( n. + v. )洗脑

baby + sit— babysit (n. + v. )临时受雇照料婴儿

形容词复合词

e. g. man + eating— maneating (n. + v. ing)食人的

heart + broken— heartbroken (n. + v. ed)使人伤心的

duty + free— dutyfree (n. + adj. )免关税的

介词复合词

e. g. in + to—into进入

through + out— throughout遍及

(2)复合名词(compound noun): 两个名词用在一起表达意思

a. 两个名词联合在一起，中间无连字符 “-”

e. g. headache头痛  newspaper